Judges 10

Tola and Jair (Judges 10:1-5) were among the so-called "minor" judges. They performed judicial functions in Israel and were responsible for administering and maintaining the law within the society. The "major" judges, on the other hand, were predominately military leaders who delivered Israel from external enemies.

The next of these major judges was Jephthah, an unlikely prospect for a godly leader (he was the son of a prostitute). But he was a mighty warrior, and God used him to drive back the Ammonites (Judges 11:1-33).

"When Jephthah returned to his home in Mizpah, who should come out to meet him but his daughter, dancing to the sound of tambourines! She was an only child. Except for her he had neither son nor daughter. When he saw her, he tore his clothes and cried, ‘Oh! My daughter! You have made me miserable and wretched, because I have made a vow to the Lord that I cannot break’" (Judges 11:34-35).

Unfortunately, Jephthah made a rash vow to God (verses 30-31). The nature of Jephthah’s vow has been vigorously debated by scholars over the years. Opinion is still divided on this issue. Those who claim Jephthah had human sacrifice in mind when he made the vow argue that:

1) He was from an area where heathen religion and human sacrifice were common. In his eyes, it may not have seemed like a sin.

2) Jephthah probably did not have a background in religious law. If so, he would have been ignorant of God’s command against human sacrifice.

On the other hand, those who believe that Jephthah would never have made a vow involving human sacrifice claim that:

1) As leader of the people, Jephthah must have been familiar with God’s law, which clearly forbade human sacrifice (Leviticus 18:21; 20:1-5).

2) During this period, the standard Israelite house accommodated livestock as well as the family (Robert G. Boling, Judges, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 6A, p. 208). Jephthah may not have thought through what might happen if he returned in triumph. Shockingly, his daughter came out, not a farm animal.

Whatever Jephthah had in mind when he made the vow, did he sacrifice his daughter? Some think he did because his vow was to make a burnt offering. This view predominated among Jews and early Christians alike: "With regard to Jephthah’s vow, the view expressed so distinctly by Josephus...was the one which generally prevailed in the earlier times among both Rabbins [Rabbis] and fathers of the church, [namely] that Jephthah put his daughter to death and burned her upon the altar as a bleeding sacrifice to Jehovah" (C.F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament, vol. 2, p. 388). Other scholars conclude that Jephthah did not sacrifice his daughter. They offer three major arguments:

1) Even during their worst periods of spiritual collapse, there were certain abominations the Israelites would not tolerate — for example, the Gibeonites’ gang rape of the Levite’s concubine (Judges 19–20). Undoubtedly, human sacrifice would have been another such abomination.

2) No legitimate priest would have helped Jephthah carry out his vow if a human was to be the sacrifice.

3) Judges 11:39 says that Jephthah’s daughter never married, not that she died. This implies that she was set apart for service to God, and not killed.

In any case, Jephthah’s vow brought him terrible grief. This should caution us today. It is so easy, in the heat of the moment or during an intense personal trial, to make foolish promises to God that one deeply regrets later. "Making spiritual ‘deals’ only brings disappointment. God does not want promises for the future, but obedience for today" (Life Application Bible, NIV, commentary on Judges 11:34-35).

Three judges are mentioned following Jephthah’s death: Ibzan, Elon and Abdon (Judges 12:8-15). Although we know little about any of them, it is evident that the unrest in Israel continued and that "the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord" (Judges 13:1). Consequently, God delivered the Israelites into the hands of the Philistines.

The Philistines lived on the west side of Canaan, along the Mediterranean coast. From the time of Samson until David, the Philistines were the major enemy force in the region and posed a constant threat to Israel. They were fierce warriors, having the advantage over Israel in numbers, tactical expertise and technology. For example, they knew how to make weapons out of iron (1 Samuel 13:19-22).

An angel of the Lord visited the parents of Samson, informing them that they would have a son who would begin to deliver Israel from the Philistines (Judges 13:2-5).

According to the angel, Samson was to be a Nazirite, a person who took a vow to be set apart for God’s service (verse 5. Although a Nazirite vow was sometimes temporary, in Samson’s case it was for life. A Nazirite was not to cut his hair, touch a dead body, eat grapes or drink anything containing alcohol (Numbers 6).

Most of the judges God used were unlikely heroes. Ehud was a Benjamite (Hebrew: ben-htayemini, which means "son of my right hand") who was left-handed (Hebrew: ‘itter yad-yemino, which means "handicapped in his right hand"). Shamgar used not a sword or spear, but an oxgoad to deliver Israel. In a male-dominated society, it was Deborah, a woman, who inspired Israel’s victory over Sisera’s army, and Jael, a gentile woman, who slew Sisera — with a tent peg. Gideon came from the weakest clan in Manasseh, and Jephthah was an outcast son of a prostitute.

"A young lion came roaring toward [Samson]. The Spirit of the Lord came upon him in power so that he tore the lion apart with his bare hands as he might have torn a young goat" (Judges 14:5-6).

As a man dedicated to God from before birth, and one whom God’s Spirit imbued with superhuman strength, Samson seems to be an ideal hero. Yet, even here, it was Samson’s weakness — his attraction to Philistine women — that God used to deliver Israel.

Samson wanted to marry a Philistine woman from Timnah, against his parents’ wishes. However, "his parents did not know that this was from the Lord, who was seeking an occasion to confront the Philistines" (Judges 14:4). One day, on his way to Timnah, Samson was attacked by a lion. Samson, empowered by the Spirit of God, simply tore the lion apart with his bare hands (verse 6). Sometime later, Samson was surprised to see a swarm of bees and some honey in the lion’s carcass.

At the beginning of the seven-day wedding feast, Samson posed a riddle concerning this unusual sight to his 30 companions: "Out of the eater, something to eat; out of the strong, something sweet" (verse 14). The stakes were high — if the companions solved the riddle, Samson would owe each of them a set of expensive clothing.

The companions were utterly unable to solve the riddle, so they threatened Samson’s wife: "Coax your husband into explaining the riddle for us, or we will burn you and your father’s household to death" (verse 15). Samson’s frightened wife finally cajoled the answer from him and promptly told his companions.

When the companions gave Samson the right answer, he immediately realized his wife had betrayed his secret. In his fury, he stormed up to the Philistine city of Ashkelon, killed 30 men, stripped them and gave their clothes to the 30 companions. Still burning with anger, Samson left his wife in Timnah and returned to his father’s house. In the meantime, Samson’s wife was given to his chief companion.

When Samson found this out, he determined to wreak full vengeance upon the Philistines. Samson was ruthless, using any available means to achieve his ends. Note the cruel way he used foxes to destroy the Philistine agriculture (Judges 15:4-5). The Philistines retaliated by burning Samson’s wife and her family — ironically, the fate she had hoped to avoid by seducing Samson’s secret riddle from him. This action only served to anger Samson further. He slaughtered many Philistines in a series of direct, one-man attacks.

Eventually, the Philistines marched in force into Judah, demanding that Samson be handed over to them. Samson allowed the men of Judah to bind him and give him to the Philistines. Once in the Philistine camp, however, Samson was again empowered by the Spirit of God. He flexed his muscles and the ropes snapped. Then he seized the most unlikely weapon of all — the jawbone of a donkey — and slew 1,000 men. This herculean effort left Samson extremely thirsty. He prayed to God: "You have given your servant this great victory. Must I now die of thirst and fall into the hands of the uncircumcised?" (verse 18). God responded to Samson’s prayer by opening up a spring. "When Samson drank, his strength returned" (verse 19).