Endnotes

1 1 Chr. 16:34; 2 Chr. 5:13; Ps. 25:8; 33:5; 34:8; 86:5; 100:5; 106:1; 107:8; 118:29; 119:68; 135:3; 136:1; 145:7,9; Nah. 1:7; Luke 18:19; Rom. 2:4; 11:22; Jas. 1:17.

2 2 Cor. 6:18; Rev. 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; Ps. 147:5; Jer. 32:17; Luke 1:37; 1 Cor. 2:5; Eph. 3:20; Heb. 1:3.

3 Jacob W. Capp, "Atheism" and Wilbur F. Tillet, "Providence" in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE), ed. James Orr, CD-ROM (Austin: NavPress Software, 1998).

4 Capp, ISBE.

5 T. Reese, "Philosophy," ISBE.

6 Ibid.

7 A variation of this can be found in the concept of God’s struggle with Satan which is found in Christian thought today. See, for example: Gordon C. Olson, The Essentials of Salvation, CD-Rom (Bible Research Corporation, 1997) pp. 90-95, and Roger T. Foster and V. Paul Marston, God’s Strategy in Human History, CD-Rom (Bible Research Corporation, 1997).

8 Mark 7:21-22 and Ephesians 4:23 are sufficient to dismiss the dualistic notion that the spirit or the mind is good but the body or matter is evil, for sin does not generate in the body, but in the heart, in the mind, and it is a product of the spirit. Satan is a spiritual being, not a material one.

9 Harold S. Kushner, When Bad Things Happen to Good People (London: Pan Books, 1982), p. 136.

10 See Job 1-2, where Satan is clearly limited by God in what he can do to Job.

11 Josh. 10:13; Matt. 8:26-27.

12 1 Chr. 29:12. See also Ps. 62:11; Rom. 1:20; Dan. 4:35; Jer. 32:27 and Matt. 19:26.

13 Jas. 1:13; 1 John 2:16; Job 1:12-22; Isa. 45:7.

14 Wilbur F. Tillet, "Providence," ISBE.

15 Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), p. 269.

16 Robert S. Ellwood, Jr., "Devil Worship," The World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, Version 2.0, CD-Rom (IBM/WorldBook Inc., 1999).

17 Tillet, ISBE.

18 Cf. Psalm 104.

19 Joseph Gaer, cited in Gary E. Antion and Douglas Ruml, World Religions in Brief (Arcadia, Ca.: Attenborough & Sons, 1984), p. 21.

20 Antion and Ruml, p. 98.

21 Ibid., p. 131.

22 David and Randal Basinger, "The Logic of Theodicy: A Comparative Analysis," Journal for Christian Theological Research, 3:3, 1998, <http://apu.edu/~CTRF/articles/1998_articles/basinger.html>.

23 Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

24 David Basinger, "Divine Persuasion: Could the Process God do More?" Journal of Religion 64.3 (July 1984), 332-47; Basinger, Divine Power in Process Theism (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988) ch. 1. Cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

25 David Griffin, God, Power and Evil: A Process Theodicy (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976), p. 309; John B. Cobb and David Griffin, Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976), p. 75. Cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

26 Zeke P. Moore, "A Theodicy for Today," Christianteacher.com, May 20, 1999, <http://www. christianteacher.com/toolbox/theodicy.html>.

27 Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

28 Ibid.

29 Bruce Reichenbach, "Natural Evils and Natural Laws: A Theodicy for Natural Evils," International Philosophical Quarterly 16 (June 1976), pp. 179-88; William Hasker, "The Necessity of Gratuitous Evil," Faith and Philosophy 9 (Jan 1992), pp. 23-44, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

30 David Griffin, God, Power and Evil; Evil Revisited: Responses and Reconsiderations (Albany: SUNY Press, 1991), pp. 87-89, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

31 Griffin, Evil Revisited 17-19, 91-92; William L. Rowe, "Ruminations About Evil," Philosophical Perspectives 5 (1991), p. 72; David Basinger, "Divine Omniscience and the Soteriological Problem of Evil: Is This Type of Knowledge God Possesses Relevant?" Religious Studies 28 (1992), pp. 1-18, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

32 Cf.: Ex. 11:9-10; Deut. 2:25; Josh. 11:20; Ps. 22:28; Pro. 21:1; Jer. 32:27-30; 50:9; Dan. 4:17; 4:32; Zeph. 3:8; John 7:30; 18:31-32; 19:9-11; Rom. 13:1; Rev. 17:17.

33 Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

34 Ibid.

35 Gordon H. Clark, Religion, Reason and Revelation (Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1961), ch. 5, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

36 Clark, ch. 5 and John Feinberg, "God Ordains All Things," Predestination and Free Will, eds. David and Randall Basinger (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1986), pp. 19-43, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

37 Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

38 Clark Pinnock, "Clark Pinnock’s Response [to John Feinberg]," Predestination and Free Will, pp. 57-60, cited in Basinger and Basinger, JCTR 3:3 (1998).

39 Cf. Gen. 6:5; Deut. 30:19; Josh. 24:15; 1 Kings 18:21; Prov. 1:24; Isa. 1:19-20; 45:22; Jer. 18:5-10; 21:8; Ezek. 20:7-8; Matt. 23:37; John 1:11; 5:40; Acts 7:51; Rom. 2:5-11; 6:16; Gal. 6:7-8; Rev. 3:20.

40 Edward N. Martin, "Proper Function, Natural Reason and Evils as Extrinsic Goods," Global Journal of Classical Theology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Sept. 1998, <http://www.trinitysem.edu/journal/martinpap.html>.

41 See R. Douglass Geinvett, Evil and the Evidence for God: The Challenge of John Hick’s Theodicy (Temple Univ. Press, 1995).

42 2 Pet. 3:9.

43 Cf. Rom. 8:7; Rev. 16:9, 10-11.

44 Col. 2:8.

45 Cf. Gen. 2:4-25; Acts 17:25, 28; Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:3.

46 Gen. 3:8.

47 Gen. 15:1-21; 17:1-22; Mic. 7:20; Luke 1:73; Rom. 4:13; 15:8; Gal. 3:6-18; 3:29; 4:22-31; Heb. 6:13-14.

48 Gen. 26:2-5; 1 Chr. 16:15-19.

49 Gen. 28:13-22; 35:9-15; 1 Chr. 16:13-18.

50 Gen. 45:4-8.

51 Ex. 3:14.

52 Isa. 6:3; Ps. 99:3, 5, 9; 22:3.

53 Lev. 20:3; 1 Sam. 2:2, Ps. 98:1; Isa. 52:10; Dan. 4:8-9, 18; 5:11, et al.

54 Lev. 11:44; 19:2; Ps. 24:3ff; Isa. 6:3, et al.

55 J.C. Lambert, "Holiness," ISBE.

56 Luke 1:49; 1 Pet. 1:15ff; John 17:11; Rev. 4:8; 6:10.

57 Matt. 1:18; Acts 1:2; Rom. 5:5, et al.

58 Mark 1:24; Acts 3:14; 4:30; Heb. 7:26, et al.

59 Ps. 22:3; John 17:11.

60 Isa. 57:15; Luke 1:49.

61 Ps. 60:6; Jer. 23:9.

62 Ps. 145:17.

63 Ps. 47:8; Matt. 13:41; 1 Cor. 6:9-10; Rev. 21:27.

64 Lev. 19:2; 11:44-45; 20:26; 1 Pet. 1:16.

65 Ps. 25:8; 34:8; 86:5; 100:5; 118:1; 136:1; 145:9; Matt. 19:17; Mark 10:18; Luke 18:19; 1 Pet. 2:3, et al.

66 Carl B. Bridges, Jr., "Good, Goodness," Baker’s Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology, ed. Walter A. Elwell (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1996).

67 Gal. 5:22.

68 Harold S. Kushner, pp. 153-155.

69 See: El Shaddai in Gen. 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 48:3; 49:24-25; Ex. 6:3; Yhwh Tsaba’oth in Ps. 24:10; Isa. 2:12; 6:3, 5; 8:13; Jer. 46:18; Mal. 1:14; ‘Abhir in Gen. 49:24; Ps. 132:2, 5; Isa. 1:24; 49:26; 60:16, et al.

70 Gen. 18:14; Jer. 32:17.

71 Ps. 115:3; 135:6.

72 Isa. 43:13.

73 Matt. 19:26; Mark 10:27; Luke 18:27.

74 Gen. 1:3ff; Deut. 8:3; Ps. 33:9; 65:6; Jer. 32:17; Rom. 4:17; Heb. 1:3; 11:30.

75 Job 5:9ff; 9:5ff; 38, 39; Ps. 65:7; 104:9; Isa. 40:12ff; 50:2; Jer. 5:22; 31:35; Amos 4:13; 5:8-9; 9:5-6, et al.

76 Amos 1:1-2:3; 9:7; Isa. 10:5, 15; 28:2; 45:1; Jer. 25:9; 27:6; 43:10.

77 Job 5:9; 9:10; Ps. 72:18.

78 Matt. 22:29; Mark 12:24; Rom. 4:17, 21, 24; Eph. 1:19ff.

79 Matt. 19:26; Mark 10:27; Rom. 8:31; Eph. 3:7, 20; 1 Pet. 1:5; Rev. 11:17.

80 See also Dan. 4:25, 35; Rom. 9:15-23; 1 Tim. 6:15; Rev. 4:11.

81 William Leonard, "Sovereignty of God," Holman Bible Dictionary, (Holman Bible Publishers, 1991), CD-Rom, NavPress Software, 1997.

82 Gen. 1.

83 Gen. 1:26-31.

84 Gen. 2:7; 3:19; Job 33:6; Ps. 103:14; Isa. 64:8; 1 Cor. 15:47; 2 Cor. 4:7; 5:1.

85 Eccl. 3:20.

86 Gen. 1:26; 5:1; 9:6; Jas. 3:9.

87 Ex. 29:45-46; 33:11; Deut. 6:5; 10:12; Ezek. 16:3-14; Matt. 6:9-14; 22:37-38; John 3:16; 15:4-10,15; Acts 17:27-28; Rev. 21:3-4.

88 Gen. 1:31.

89 Job 38:7.

90 Isa. 43:7; Eph. 1:11-12; 1 Cor. 10:31.

91 Rom. 8:19-22.

92 Eccl. 3:11.

93 John 17:20-23.

94 Rom. 14:10-12.

95 Eph. 4:22-24; Col. 3:10.

96 James Montgomery Boice, Foundations of the Christian Faith (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1986) p. 176.

97 Ibid., p. 178.

98 Jerry Bridges, Trusting God (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1988), p. 37.

99 Ibid., p. 96. Calvin would go as far as to state that "Satan also, himself …is so completely the servant of the Most High as to act only by His command" (Commentary on Romans).

100 Montgomery Boice, p. 176.

101 John Newport, "Evil" and William Leonard, "The Sovereignty of God," Holman Bible Dictionary.

102 Luke 7:30; Matt. 23:37; Acts 7:51, et al.

103 Ex. 11:9-10; 2 Sam. 24:1.

104 Ex. 7:14; 8:15; 1 Sam. 6:6; 1 Chr. 21:1-4; 2 Sam. 24:10.

105 Ps. 5:4; 50:21; Prov. 15:26; Rom. 1:30; Jas. 1:13.

106 Ezek. 28:11-19.

107 Isa. 14:12-15; 1 Tim. 3:6.

108 Gen. 3:5; Matt. 4:8-9; 12:24, 41; Acts 5:1-11; 1 Cor. 7:5; 10:14-22; 2 Cor. 4:4; 1 Thess. 3:5; 1 Tim. 4:1-5; Rev. 12:7, 9; 20:3, 8.

109 Eph. 1:11; Rom. 8:28; Gen. 50:20; Acts 4:27-28; 27:22-24, 31, 44.

110 Gen. 37:4-5, 8, 11, 20, 24, 28.

111 Gen. 45:5-8.

112 Isa. 53:1-6; Eph. 1:11-12; Rom. 9:6-29.

113 Gen. 2:16-17; 3:6; 37:26-27; 39:15-18; 40:9-23; 45:5; Deut. 28:17; Num. 14:36-37; Job 1:12-22; 2:5-8; Prov. 21:1; Isa. 5:6; 14:24-27; 45:7; Zech. 1:18-21; Matt. 23:37; Acts 5:5, 10; 14:16; 1 Cor. 11:30.

114 Gen. 20:3-4, 6, 17-18; Eccl. 7:29; Rom. 13:1-5; 2 Thess. 2:6-8.

115 Rom. 5:8; 8:32; 1 John 4:8-10.

116 John 16:33; Rom. 8:22; 8:28; 12:21; 1 Cor. 15:20-24; 2 Cor. 12:7-10; Eph. 1:7; Phil. 3:10; Col. 1:24; Jas. 1:2; 1:12; 1 John 2:2; Rev. 1:18.

117 Gen. 1:26-31; 2:7-9, 15-25.

118 Zeke P. Moore.

119 Rom. 8:7.

120 Gen. 4.

121 Gen. 3:17-19; Rom. 8:19-23.

122 1 Cor. 10:1-13. See also Philip Yancey, Disappointment With God (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988), pp. 45-47.

123 Gal. 4:4.

124 Isa. 53:4-6; Luke 22:42-44.

125 Rom. 3:9-18.

126 Rom. 6:23.

127 Mark 10:18; Luke 18:19; Rom. 3:9-18.

128 Rev. 21:1-4.

129 Rom. 8:19-22.

130 Philip Yancey, p. 246. See also: C.S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 103.

131 Rom. 8:18.

132 Rev. 21:1-4.

133 Isa. 65:17-18.

 

A comment from John McKenna

My concern is that we do not equate the contingency of the creation directly with evil, and that we do not equate as opposite and equal realities the "good" creation with the "evil" that appears within God’s creation.

Evil mysteriously appears in God’s good creation with a created freedom whose will opposes the uncreated free will of the Creator. The mystery of God and godliness and the mystery of evil may never be thought to exist in the first place on the same level of reality.

 

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